{"type":"dataset","url":"https://karelbusta.dev/data/sleep/datasets/sleep-timing-by-country","title":"When the world falls asleep, wakes up, and how long it sleeps","description":"Mean sleep onset, wake time and total sleep for 35 countries, measured by the Oura Ring over 50 million nights in 2021 (Willoughby et al. 2023).","source":{"citation":"Willoughby AR, Alikhani I, Karsikas M, Chua XY, Chee MWL. Country differences in nocturnal sleep variability: Observations from a large-scale, long-term sleep wearable study. Sleep Medicine. 2023;110:155–165. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2023.08.010. Numbers taken from the CC BY 4.0 preprint, PsyArXiv doi:10.31234/osf.io/8ahsu (OSF file version 6, 2023-08-17), Supplementary Tables S1 and S2a–S2e.","publisher":"PsyArXiv preprint (published in Sleep Medicine, Elsevier)","sampleSize":"226,187 Oura Ring users in 35 countries, 54,769,523 nights (mean 242 nights per user)","title":"Willoughby et al. (2023), Sleep Medicine","url":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/8ahsu","year":2023},"also":[{"name":"Published version, Sleep Medicine 110:155–165 (not open access; tables not cross-checked)","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2023.08.010"},{"name":"Preprint PDF, OSF file g578r version 6","url":"https://osf.io/download/g578r/?version=6"}],"license":"Preprint licensed CC BY 4.0 (OSF record https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/8ahsu_v1/, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Values are reproduced from its supplementary tables with attribution; no changes other than unit conversions.","coverage":"35 countries, nights from 4 January 2021 to 2 January 2022","retrieved":"2026-10-14","generated":"2026-10-14","caveats":["Oura Ring owners are a self-selected, affluent, mostly working-age group (mean age 44, 60% male), not a representative sample of any country.","Group sizes differ a lot, from 200–500 average weekly users (e.g. India, South Africa, UAE) to more than 50,000 (USA); Oura did not allow exact counts per country to be published.","Sleep onset is when the ring's algorithm detects sleep, not bedtime; total sleep excludes time awake in bed, so it is shorter than self-reported \"hours of sleep\".","[object Object]","Country groups differ in age and sex mix (e.g. Japan 37 years and 79% male, Finland 44 years and 52% male); the tabulated means are not adjusted for this.","2021 was a COVID-19 pandemic year with lockdowns and remote work in many countries, which shifted sleep timing.","Figures in the paper's main text (e.g. a sleep-efficiency range of 84.16–87.37%) are model estimates and differ from the tabulated means used here (83.36–86.81%).","Values come from the preprint's supplementary tables; the published Sleep Medicine version could not be accessed to confirm the tables are unchanged (its abstract matches)."],"tables":[{"key":"countries","title":"Sleep timing and duration by country (Oura Ring users, 2021)","description":"One row per country (35). Mean sleep onset, wake time, mid-sleep and total sleep time measured by the Oura Ring, Jan 2021–Jan 2022, as tabulated in Willoughby et al. (2023) Supplementary Tables S1, S2a–S2e. Weekday = Sunday–Thursday nights except UAE.","columns":[{"description":"Country of residence as named in the source.","key":"country","label":"Country","type":"string"},{"description":"Global region as grouped in Table S1.","key":"region","label":"Region","type":"string"},{"description":"Band for the mean number of users per week contributing data (Table S1). Oura did not allow exact counts to be published.","key":"users_band","label":"Mean weekly users","type":"string"},{"description":"Lower bound of the band.","key":"users_min","label":"Mean weekly users (lower bound)","type":"number","unit":"users"},{"description":"Upper bound of the band; null for '>50,000' (USA).","key":"users_max","label":"Mean weekly users (upper bound)","type":"number","unit":"users"},{"description":"Mean number of nights of data per user (Table S1).","key":"mean_nights","label":"Nights per user","type":"number","unit":"nights"},{"description":"Mean user age (Table S1).","key":"mean_age","label":"Mean age","type":"number","unit":"years"},{"description":"Proportion of male users (Table S1).","key":"male_pct","label":"Male","type":"number","unit":"%"},{"description":"Mean weekday sleep onset time, local clock, rounded to the minute (Table S2a, SOTwd). Sleep onset is when the ring detects sleep, not when the user went to bed.","key":"sleep_onset_weekday","label":"Sleep onset (weekday)","type":"string"},{"description":"Minutes relative to midnight, negative = before midnight (e.g. 23:30 = -30, 00:30 = 30). Exact conversion of the tabulated hh:mm:ss, rounded to 0.01 min.","key":"sleep_onset_weekday_min","label":"Sleep onset (weekday), minutes","type":"number","unit":"min"},{"description":"Mean weekday wake time, local clock, rounded to the minute (Table S2a, WTwd).","key":"wake_weekday","label":"Wake time (weekday)","type":"string"},{"description":"Minutes after midnight (Table S2a, WTwd), rounded to 0.01 min.","key":"wake_weekday_min","label":"Wake time (weekday), minutes","type":"number","unit":"min"},{"description":"Mean weekday mid-sleep time, rounded to the minute (Table S2a, MSTwd).","key":"midsleep_weekday","label":"Mid-sleep (weekday)","type":"string"},{"description":"Minutes after midnight (Table S2a, MSTwd), rounded to 0.01 min.","key":"midsleep_weekday_min","label":"Mid-sleep (weekday), minutes","type":"number","unit":"min"},{"description":"Mean weekday total sleep time (TST, Table S2c) / 60, rounded to 0.01 h. Time actually asleep, excluding sleep latency and wake after sleep onset.","key":"sleep_weekday_h","label":"Sleep (weekday)","type":"number","unit":"h"},{"description":"Mean weekday total sleep time as tabulated (Table S2c, TSTwd).","key":"sleep_weekday_min","label":"Sleep (weekday), minutes","type":"number","unit":"min"},{"description":"TSTwd rounded to the minute.","key":"sleep_weekday_display","label":"Sleep (weekday), h m","type":"string"},{"description":"Mean weekday TST / time in bed x 100 (Table S2c, SEwd).","key":"sleep_efficiency_weekday","label":"Sleep efficiency (weekday)","type":"number","unit":"%"},{"description":"Mean weekend sleep onset time, rounded to the minute (Table S2b, SOTwe).","key":"sleep_onset_weekend","label":"Sleep onset (weekend)","type":"string"},{"description":"Minutes relative to midnight, negative = before midnight (e.g. 23:30 = -30, 00:30 = 30). Exact conversion of the tabulated hh:mm:ss, rounded to 0.01 min.","key":"sleep_onset_weekend_min","label":"Sleep onset (weekend), minutes","type":"number","unit":"min"},{"description":"Mean weekend wake time, rounded to the minute (Table S2b, WTwe).","key":"wake_weekend","label":"Wake time (weekend)","type":"string"},{"description":"Minutes after midnight (Table S2b, WTwe), rounded to 0.01 min.","key":"wake_weekend_min","label":"Wake time (weekend), minutes","type":"number","unit":"min"},{"description":"Mean weekend total sleep time (Table S2d, TSTwe) / 60, rounded to 0.01 h.","key":"sleep_weekend_h","label":"Sleep (weekend)","type":"number","unit":"h"},{"description":"Mean weekend total sleep time as tabulated (Table S2d, TSTwe).","key":"sleep_weekend_min","label":"Sleep (weekend), minutes","type":"number","unit":"min"},{"description":"TSTwe rounded to the minute.","key":"sleep_weekend_display","label":"Sleep (weekend), h m","type":"string"},{"description":"Mean per-user weekend minus 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